Summary: NAD(P) transhydrogenase beta subunit

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Wikipedia: NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (Re/Si-specific)
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This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (Re/Si-specific)". More...

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NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (Re/Si-specific) Edit Wikipedia article

In enzymology, a NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (AB-specific) (EC 1.6.1.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

NADPH + NAD⁺

\rightleftharpoons

NADP⁺ + NADH

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are NADPH and NAD⁺, whereas its two products are NADP⁺ and NADH.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on NADH or NADPH with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is NADPH:NAD+ oxidoreductase (AB-specific). Other names in common use include pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase, transhydrogenase, NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) transhydrogenase, NAD+ transhydrogenase, NADH transhydrogenase, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, NADPH-NAD+ transhydrogenase, pyridine nucleotide transferase, NADPH-NAD+ oxidoreductase, NADH-NADP+-transhydrogenase, NADPH:NAD+ transhydrogenase, H+-Thase, energy-linked transhydrogenase, and NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (AB-specific). This enzyme participates in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism.

Structural studies

As of late 2007, 19 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1NM5, 1PNO, 1PNQ, 1PT9, 1PTJ, 1U28, 1U2D, 1U2G, 1U31, 1X13, 1X14, 1X15, 1XLT, 2BRU, 2FR8, 2FRD, 2FSV, 2OO5, and 2OOR.

References

Template:Enzyme references

Everse, J., Anderson, B. and You, K. (Eds.), The Pyridine Nucleotide Coenzymes, The Pyridine Nucleotide Coenzymes, New York, 1982, p. 279-324.
You KS (1985). "Stereospecificity for nicotinamide nucleotides in enzymatic and chemical hydride transfer reactions". CRC. Crit. Rev. Biochem. 17: 313â€“451. PMIDÂ 3157549.

External links

The CAS registry number for this enzyme class is Template:CAS registry.

Template:Enzyme links

Gene Ontology (GO) codes

Template:GO code links

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NAD(P) transhydrogenase beta subunit Provide feedback

This family corresponds to the beta subunit of NADP transhydrogenase in prokaryotes, and either the protein N- or C terminal in eukaryotes. The domain is often found in conjunction with PF01262. Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase catalyses the reduction of NAD+ to NADPH. A complete loss of activity occurs upon mutation of Gly314 in E. coli [1].

Literature references

Ahmad S, Glavas NA, Bragg PD; , Eur J Biochem 1992;207:733-739.: A mutation at Gly314 of the beta subunit of the Escherichia coli pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase abolishes activity and affects the NADP(H)-induced conformational change. PUBMED:1633824 EPMC:1633824

Internal database links

SCOOP:	SIR2 TPP_enzyme_M
Similarity to PfamA using HHSearch:	TPP_enzyme_M

External database links

PROSITE:	PDOC00654
SCOP:	1d4o

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR034300

NAD(P) transhydrogenase catalyses the transfer of reducing equivalents between NAD(H) and NADP(H), coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane [ PUBMED:12788487 ]. It is an integral membrane protein found in most organisms except for yeasts, plants and some bacterial species. In bacterial species it is located in the cytoplasmic membrane, while in mitochondria it is located in the inner membrane. Under most physiological conditions this enzyme synthesises NADPH, driven by consumption of the proton electrochemical gradient. The resulting NADPH is subsequently used for biosynthetic reactions or the reduction of glutathione.

Bacterial NADP(H) transhydrogenases consist of two subunits, an alpha subunit with an NAD(H)-binding domain and a beta subunit with an NADP(H)-binding domain [ PUBMED:12974635 ]. This entry corresponds to the beta subunit of NADP transhydrogenase in prokaryotes, and either the protein N- or C-terminal domain in eukaryotes.

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Pfam Clan

This family is a member of clan FAD_DHS (CL0085), which has the following description:

The members of this family adopt a Rossmann fold, similar to CLAN:CL0063. However, the members of this family are distinguished in that the FAD/NAD cofactor is bound in the opposite direction. In this arrangement, the adenosine moiety is found bound at the second half of the fold. In addition, the conserved GxGxxG motif found in classical NADP binding Rossmann folds is absent. Finally, another distinguishing characteristic is the formation of an internal hydrogen bond in the FAD molecule [1].

The clan contains the following 10 members:

CO_dh DS DUF4917 ETF_alpha PNTB PPS_PS SIR2 SIR2_2 TPP_enzyme_M TPP_enzyme_M_2

Alignments

We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets and the UniProtKB sequence database. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.

Alignment types

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:

seed: the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
full: the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
RP15/RP35/RP55/RP75: Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
UniProt: alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM

Viewing

You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:

jalview: a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
HTML: an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
PP/Heatmap: an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.

Reformatting

You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:

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Downloading

You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.

View options

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.

	Seed (266)	Full (5960)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (26011)
	Seed (266)	Full (5960)	RP15 (853)	RP35 (2703)	RP55 (5827)	RP75 (9895)	UniProt (26011)
Jalview	View	View	View	View	View	View	View
HTML	View
PP/heatmap	₁

¹Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available

Key: available, not generated, — not available.

Format an alignment

	Seed (266)	Full (5960)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (26011)
	Seed (266)	Full (5960)	RP15 (853)	RP35 (2703)	RP55 (5827)	RP75 (9895)	UniProt (26011)
Alignment:
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.

	Seed (266)	Full (5960)	Representative proteomes				UniProt (26011)
	Seed (266)	Full (5960)	RP15 (853)	RP35 (2703)	RP55 (5827)	RP75 (9895)	UniProt (26011)
Raw Stockholm	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download
Gzipped	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.

Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Pfam-B_2220 (release 5.2)

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Family

Sequence Ontology:

SO:0100021

Author:

Bateman A

, Mian N

Number in seed:

266

Number in full:

5960

Average length of the domain:

431.9 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

49 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

72.99 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 61295632 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	31.7	31.7
Trusted cut-off	31.8	31.8
Noise cut-off	31.1	31.6

Model length:

460

Family (HMM) version:

19

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

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Colour assignments

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
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Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the PNTB domain has been found. There are 47 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.

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AlphaFold Structure Predictions

The list of proteins below match this family and have AlphaFold predicted structures. Click on the protein accession to view the predicted structure.

Protein	Predicted structure	External Information
A0A077Z4N4	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0D2HFT1	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0H3GSA5	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A0N4UGB8	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A175VY27	View 3D Structure	Click here
A0A1C1CKF9	View 3D Structure	Click here
C0NMV4	View 3D Structure	Click here
C1GYD9	View 3D Structure	Click here
G4VN23	View 3D Structure	Click here
K0EQA1	View 3D Structure	Click here
P0AB67	View 3D Structure	Click here
P0AB69	View 3D Structure	Click here
P0AB70	View 3D Structure	Click here
P11024	View 3D Structure	Click here
P43010	View 3D Structure	Click here
P96834	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q13423	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q18031	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q2RSB4	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q32G68	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q55F30	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q5BJZ3	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q5F6S5	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q61941	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q6NYQ7	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q7CQK3	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q8IKU3	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q9CCZ8	View 3D Structure	Click here
Q9I6T9	View 3D Structure	Click here
U7PSU8	View 3D Structure	Click here
W5PFI3	View 3D Structure	Click here
X8EY38	View 3D Structure	Click here
X8EY49	View 3D Structure	Click here
X8F180	View 3D Structure	Click here

Showing 34 matches

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Family: PNTB (PF02233)

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